0 10 Activation Activation NNP 11 13 of of IN 14 19 human human JJ 20 31 macrophages macrophage NNS 32 34 by by IN 35 45 mechanical mechanical JJ 46 57 ventilation ventilation NN 58 60 in in FW 61 66 vitro vitro FW 66 67 . . . 69 86 Positive-pressure positive-pressure JJ 87 97 mechanical mechanical JJ 98 109 ventilation ventilation NN 110 118 supports support VBZ 119 122 gas gas NN 123 131 exchange exchange NN 132 134 in in IN 135 143 patients patient NNS 144 148 with with IN 149 160 respiratory respiratory JJ 161 168 failure failure NN 169 172 but but CC 173 175 is be VBZ 176 180 also also RB 181 192 responsible responsible JJ 193 196 for for IN 197 208 significant significant JJ 209 213 lung lung NN 214 220 injury injury NN 220 221 . . . 222 224 In in IN 225 229 this this DT 230 235 study study NN 235 236 , , , 237 239 we we PRP 240 244 have have VBP 245 254 developed develop VBN 255 257 an an DT 258 260 in in FW 261 266 vitro vitro FW 267 272 model model NN 273 275 in in IN 276 281 which which WDT 282 290 isolated isolate VBN 291 295 lung lung NN 296 301 cells cell NNS 302 305 can can MD 306 308 be be VB 309 318 submitted submit VBN 319 321 to to TO 322 323 a a DT 324 333 prolonged prolonged JJ 334 340 cyclic cyclic JJ 341 360 pressure-stretching pressure-stretching NN 361 367 strain strain NN 368 378 resembling resemble VBG 379 383 that that DT 384 386 of of IN 387 399 conventional conventional JJ 400 410 mechanical mechanical JJ 411 422 ventilation ventilation NN 422 423 . . . 424 426 In in IN 427 431 this this DT 432 437 model model NN 437 438 , , , 439 444 cells cell NNS 445 453 cultured culture VBN 454 456 on on IN 457 458 a a DT 459 467 Silastic silastic JJ 468 476 membrane membrane NN 477 481 were be VBD 482 491 elongated elongate VBN 492 494 up up RB 495 497 to to TO 498 499 7 7 CD 499 500 % % NN 501 503 of of IN 504 509 their their PRP$ 510 517 initial initial JJ 518 526 diameter diameter NN 526 527 , , , 528 541 corresponding correspond VBG 542 544 to to TO 545 546 a a DT 547 549 12 12 CD 549 550 % % NN 551 559 increase increase NN 560 562 in in IN 563 567 cell cell NN 568 575 surface surface NN 575 576 . . . 577 580 The the DT 581 585 lung lung NN 586 596 macrophage macrophage NN 597 600 was be VBD 601 611 identified identify VBN 612 614 as as IN 615 618 the the DT 619 623 main main JJ 624 632 cellular cellular JJ 633 639 source source NN 640 643 for for IN 644 652 critical critical JJ 653 665 inflammatory inflammatory JJ 666 675 mediators mediator NNS 676 680 such such JJ 681 683 as as IN 684 689 tumor tumor NN 690 698 necrosis necrosis NN 699 711 factor-alpha factor-alpha NN 711 712 , , , 713 716 the the DT 717 727 chemokines chemokine NNS 728 739 interleukin interleukin NN 740 741 ( ( ( 741 746 IL)-8 il)-8 NN 747 750 and and CC 751 753 -6 -6 CD 753 754 , , , 755 758 and and CC 759 765 matrix matrix NN 766 785 metalloproteinase-9 metalloproteinase-9 NN 786 788 in in IN 789 793 this this DT 794 799 model model NN 800 806 system system NN 807 809 of of IN 810 820 mechanical mechanical JJ 821 832 ventilation ventilation NN 832 833 . . . 834 839 These these DT 840 849 mediators mediator NNS 850 854 were be VBD 855 863 measured measure VBN 864 866 in in IN 867 879 supernatants supernatant NNS 880 884 from from IN 885 895 ventilated ventilate VBN 896 904 alveolar alveolar JJ 905 916 macrophages macrophage NNS 916 917 , , , 918 934 monocyte-derived monocyte-derived JJ 935 946 macrophages macrophage NNS 946 947 , , , 948 951 and and CC 952 964 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 965 970 THP-1 thp-1 NN 971 976 cells cell NNS 976 977 . . . 978 985 Nuclear nuclear JJ 986 999 factor-kappaB factor-kappaB NNP 1000 1003 was be VBD 1004 1009 found find VBN 1010 1012 to to TO 1013 1015 be be VB 1016 1025 activated activate VBN 1026 1028 in in IN 1029 1039 ventilated ventilate VBN 1040 1051 macrophages macrophage NNS 1051 1052 . . . 1053 1064 Synergistic synergistic JJ 1065 1080 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ 1081 1088 effects effect NNS 1089 1091 of of IN 1092 1102 mechanical mechanical JJ 1103 1109 stress stress NN 1110 1113 and and CC 1114 1123 molecules molecule NNS 1124 1128 such such JJ 1129 1131 as as IN 1132 1141 bacterial bacterial JJ 1142 1151 endotoxin endotoxin NN 1152 1156 were be VBD 1157 1165 observed observe VBN 1165 1166 , , , 1167 1177 suggesting suggest VBG 1178 1182 that that IN 1183 1193 mechanical mechanical JJ 1194 1205 ventilation ventilation NN 1206 1211 might might MD 1212 1214 be be VB 1215 1227 particularly particularly RB 1228 1239 deleterious deleterious JJ 1240 1242 in in IN 1243 1253 preinjured preinjured JJ 1254 1256 or or CC 1257 1265 infected infected JJ 1266 1271 lungs lung NNS 1271 1272 . . . 1273 1286 Dexamethasone Dexamethasone NNP 1287 1296 prevented prevent VBD 1297 1301 IL-8 il-8 NN 1302 1305 and and CC 1306 1311 tumor tumor NN 1312 1320 necrosis necrosis NN 1321 1333 factor-alpha factor-alpha NN 1334 1343 secretion secretion NN 1344 1346 in in IN 1347 1357 ventilated ventilate VBN 1358 1369 macrophages macrophage NNS 1369 1370 . . . 1371 1381 Mechanical mechanical JJ 1382 1393 ventilation ventilation NN 1394 1401 induced induce VBD 1402 1405 low low JJ 1406 1412 levels level NNS 1413 1415 of of IN 1416 1420 IL-8 il-8 NN 1421 1430 secretion secretion NN 1431 1433 by by IN 1434 1442 alveolar alveolar JJ 1443 1447 type type NN 1448 1455 II-like ii-like JJ 1456 1461 cells cell NNS 1461 1462 . . . 1463 1468 Other other JJ 1469 1473 lung lung NN 1474 1478 cell cell NN 1479 1484 types type NNS 1485 1489 such such JJ 1490 1492 as as IN 1493 1504 endothelial endothelial JJ 1505 1510 cells cell NNS 1510 1511 , , , 1512 1521 bronchial bronchial JJ 1522 1527 cells cell NNS 1527 1528 , , , 1529 1532 and and CC 1533 1544 fibroblasts fibroblast NNS 1545 1551 failed fail VBD 1552 1554 to to TO 1555 1562 produce produce VB 1563 1567 IL-8 il-8 NN 1568 1570 in in IN 1571 1579 response response NN 1580 1582 to to TO 1583 1584 a a DT 1585 1594 prolonged prolonged JJ 1595 1601 cyclic cyclic JJ 1602 1621 pressure-stretching pressure-stretching JJ 1622 1626 load load NN 1626 1627 . . . 1628 1632 This this DT 1633 1638 model model NN 1639 1641 is be VBZ 1642 1644 of of IN 1645 1655 particular particular JJ 1656 1661 value value NN 1662 1665 for for IN 1666 1675 exploring explore VBG 1676 1684 physical physical JJ 1685 1699 stress-induced stress-induced JJ 1700 1709 signaling signaling NN 1710 1718 pathways pathway NNS 1718 1719 , , , 1720 1722 as as RB 1723 1727 well well RB 1728 1730 as as IN 1731 1734 for for IN 1735 1742 testing test VBG 1743 1746 the the DT 1747 1754 effects effect NNS 1755 1757 of of IN 1758 1763 novel novel JJ 1764 1775 ventilatory ventilatory JJ 1776 1786 strategies strategy NNS 1787 1789 or or CC 1790 1800 adjunctive adjunctive JJ 1801 1811 substances substance NNS 1812 1817 aimed aim VBN 1818 1820 at at IN 1821 1831 modulating modulate VBG 1832 1836 cell cell NN 1837 1847 activation activation NN 1848 1855 induced induce VBN 1856 1858 by by IN 1859 1869 mechanical mechanical JJ 1870 1881 ventilation ventilation NN 1881 1882 . . .