0 5 Redox Redox NNP 6 13 signals signal NNS 14 17 and and CC 18 27 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 28 38 activation activation NN 39 41 in in IN 42 43 T t NN 44 49 cells cell NNS 49 50 . . . 52 64 Accumulating accumulate VBG 65 69 data datum NNS 70 74 from from IN 75 76 a a DT 77 83 number number NN 84 86 of of IN 87 99 laboratories laboratory NNS 100 104 have have VBP 105 113 recently recently RB 114 123 indicated indicate VBN 124 128 that that IN 129 132 the the DT 133 141 response response NN 142 144 of of IN 145 158 transcription transcription NN 159 165 factor factor NN 166 175 NF-kappaB nf-kappab NN 176 178 to to TO 179 190 alterations alteration NNS 191 193 in in IN 194 197 the the DT 198 203 redox redox NN 204 215 homeostasis homeostasis NN 216 218 of of IN 219 224 cells cell NNS 225 228 may may MD 229 233 play play VB 234 236 an an DT 237 246 important important JJ 247 251 role role NN 252 254 in in IN 255 265 modulating modulate VBG 266 272 immune immune JJ 273 281 function function NN 281 282 . . . 283 286 The the DT 287 297 activation activation NN 298 300 of of IN 301 310 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 311 314 has have VBZ 315 319 been be VBN 320 330 recognized recognize VBN 331 333 to to TO 334 342 regulate regulate VB 343 344 a a DT 345 351 number number NN 352 354 of of IN 355 360 genes gene NNS 361 370 necessary necessary JJ 371 374 for for IN 375 381 normal normal JJ 382 383 T t NN 384 388 cell cell NN 389 398 responses response NNS 399 408 including include VBG 409 413 IL-2 il-2 NN 413 414 , , , 415 419 IL-6 IL-6 NNP 419 420 , , , 421 425 IL-8 il-8 NN 425 426 , , , 427 430 and and CC 431 438 several several JJ 439 440 T t NN 441 445 cell cell NN 446 453 surface surface NN 454 463 receptors receptor NNS 463 464 . . . 465 475 Diminished diminish VBN 476 485 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 486 494 activity activity NN 495 498 has have VBZ 499 503 been be VBN 504 509 shown show VBN 510 512 to to TO 513 518 occur occur VB 519 521 in in IN 522 523 T t NN 524 529 cells cell NNS 530 534 with with IN 535 540 aging aging NN 540 541 , , , 542 552 suggesting suggest VBG 553 557 that that IN 558 566 impaired impaired JJ 567 577 activation activation NN 578 580 of of IN 581 590 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 591 596 might might MD 597 602 occur occur VB 603 609 during during IN 610 618 cellular cellular JJ 619 629 senescence senescence NN 629 630 . . . 631 633 In in IN 634 642 addition addition NN 642 643 , , , 644 655 aberrancies aberrancy NNS 656 658 in in IN 659 668 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 669 677 activity activity NN 678 682 have have VBP 683 687 been be VBN 688 698 implicated implicate VBN 699 701 in in IN 702 705 the the DT 706 724 immunopathogenesis immunopathogenesis NN 725 727 of of IN 728 736 diseases disease NNS 737 746 involving involve VBG 747 753 immune immune JJ 754 756 or or CC 757 769 inflammatory inflammatory JJ 770 779 processes process NNS 780 784 such such JJ 785 787 as as IN 788 803 atherosclerosis atherosclerosis NN 804 807 and and CC 808 813 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 814 823 infection infection NN 823 824 . . . 825 828 The the DT 829 833 role role NN 834 836 of of IN 837 841 H2O2 h2o2 NN 842 845 and and CC 846 851 other other JJ 852 860 reactive reactive JJ 861 867 oxygen oxygen NN 868 875 species specie NNS 876 877 ( ( ( 877 880 ROS ROS NNP 880 881 ) ) ) 882 884 as as IN 885 887 an an DT 888 899 integratory integratory JJ 900 909 secondary secondary JJ 910 919 messenger messenger NN 920 923 for for IN 924 933 divergent divergent JJ 934 935 T t NN 936 940 cell cell NN 941 948 signals signal NNS 949 952 has have VBZ 953 957 been be VBN 958 969 complicated complicate VBN 970 972 by by IN 973 976 the the DT 977 981 fact fact NN 982 986 that that IN 987 994 various various JJ 995 996 T t NN 997 1001 cell cell NN 1002 1007 lines line NNS 1008 1011 and and CC 1012 1022 peripheral peripheral JJ 1023 1028 blood blood NN 1029 1030 T t NN 1031 1036 cells cell NNS 1037 1043 differ differ VBP 1044 1052 markedly markedly RB 1053 1055 in in IN 1056 1059 the the DT 1060 1066 levels level NNS 1067 1069 of of IN 1070 1079 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1080 1090 activation activation NN 1091 1098 induced induce VBN 1099 1101 by by IN 1102 1109 oxidant oxidant JJ 1110 1116 stress stress NN 1116 1117 . . . 1118 1130 Additionally additionally RB 1130 1131 , , , 1132 1140 proposed propose VBN 1141 1149 pathways pathway NNS 1150 1152 of of IN 1153 1162 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1163 1173 activation activation NN 1174 1178 have have VBP 1179 1183 been be VBN 1184 1189 based base VBN 1190 1192 on on IN 1193 1201 indirect indirect JJ 1202 1210 evidence evidence NN 1211 1219 provided provide VBN 1220 1222 by by IN 1223 1234 experiments experiment NNS 1235 1240 which which WDT 1241 1245 used use VBD 1246 1258 antioxidants antioxidant NNS 1259 1261 to to TO 1262 1269 inhibit inhibit VB 1270 1276 active active JJ 1277 1286 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1287 1296 formation formation NN 1296 1297 . . . 1298 1305 Further further RB 1305 1306 , , , 1307 1315 complete complete JJ 1316 1326 activation activation NN 1327 1329 of of IN 1330 1331 T t NN 1332 1337 cells cell NNS 1338 1346 requires require VBZ 1347 1349 at at IN 1350 1355 least least JJS 1356 1359 two two CD 1360 1367 signals signal NNS 1367 1368 , , , 1369 1372 one one CD 1373 1377 that that WDT 1378 1388 stimulates stimulate VBZ 1389 1391 an an DT 1392 1400 increase increase NN 1401 1403 in in IN 1404 1417 intracellular intracellular JJ 1418 1425 calcium calcium NN 1426 1429 and and CC 1430 1433 one one CD 1434 1438 that that WDT 1439 1449 stimulates stimulate VBZ 1450 1459 enzymatic enzymatic JJ 1460 1469 processes process NNS 1470 1479 including include VBG 1480 1487 kinases kinase NNS 1487 1488 . . . 1489 1498 Similarly similarly RB 1498 1499 , , , 1500 1511 substantial substantial JJ 1512 1520 evidence evidence NN 1521 1530 indicates indicate VBZ 1531 1535 that that IN 1536 1540 full full JJ 1541 1551 activation activation NN 1552 1554 of of IN 1555 1564 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1565 1573 requires require VBZ 1574 1578 dual dual JJ 1579 1586 signals signal NNS 1586 1587 . . . 1588 1591 The the DT 1592 1599 ability ability NN 1600 1602 of of IN 1603 1607 H2O2 h2o2 NN 1608 1610 or or CC 1611 1616 other other JJ 1617 1620 ROS ros NN 1621 1623 to to TO 1624 1630 induce induce VB 1631 1632 T t NN 1633 1637 cell cell NN 1638 1645 signals signal NNS 1646 1649 and and CC 1650 1660 functional functional JJ 1661 1670 responses response NNS 1671 1673 by by IN 1674 1679 these these DT 1680 1683 two two CD 1684 1694 mechanisms mechanism NNS 1695 1697 is be VBZ 1698 1706 reviewed review VBN 1707 1710 and and CC 1711 1714 the the DT 1715 1723 specific specific JJ 1724 1732 response response NN 1733 1735 of of IN 1736 1745 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1746 1748 to to TO 1749 1754 redox redox NN 1755 1762 changes change NNS 1763 1765 in in IN 1766 1767 T t NN 1768 1773 cells cell NNS 1774 1776 is be VBZ 1777 1785 examined examine VBN 1785 1786 . . . 1787 1791 Data Datum NNPS 1792 1795 are be VBP 1796 1800 also also RB 1801 1810 presented present VBN 1811 1813 to to TO 1814 1821 suggest suggest VB 1822 1826 that that IN 1827 1830 the the DT 1831 1836 redox redox NN 1837 1847 regulation regulation NN 1848 1850 in in IN 1851 1860 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1861 1871 activation activation NN 1872 1875 may may MD 1876 1878 be be VB 1879 1887 relevant relevant JJ 1888 1890 to to TO 1891 1905 immune-related immune-related JJ 1906 1914 diseases disease NNS 1915 1918 and and CC 1919 1921 to to TO 1922 1927 aging aging NN 1927 1928 . . .