0 5 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 6 16 cooperates cooperate VBZ 17 21 with with IN 22 31 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 32 34 to to TO 35 43 activate activate VB 44 49 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 50 54 from from IN 55 63 latently latently RB 64 67 and and CC 68 75 acutely acutely RB 76 84 infected infected JJ 85 90 cells cell NNS 91 93 of of IN 94 113 monocyte/macrophage monocyte/macrophage NN 114 121 lineage lineage NN 121 122 . . . 124 129 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 130 132 is be VBZ 133 141 elevated elevate VBN 142 144 in in IN 145 159 HIV-1-infected hiv-1-infected JJ 160 171 individuals individual NNS 172 175 and and CC 176 179 has have VBZ 180 184 been be VBN 185 195 implicated implicate VBN 196 198 in in IN 199 206 disease disease NN 207 218 progression progression NN 218 219 . . . 220 222 In in IN 223 227 this this DT 228 233 study study NN 233 234 , , , 235 237 we we PRP 238 250 investigated investigate VBD 251 254 the the DT 255 262 effects effect NNS 263 265 of of IN 266 271 IL-10 il-10 NN 272 274 on on IN 275 278 the the DT 279 289 activation activation NN 290 292 of of IN 293 298 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 299 303 from from IN 304 312 infected infected JJ 313 322 monocytes monocyte NNS 323 326 and and CC 327 338 macrophages macrophage NNS 338 339 . . . 340 348 Although although IN 349 354 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 355 360 alone alone RB 361 364 did do VBD 365 368 not not RB 369 375 induce induce VB 376 381 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 382 393 replication replication NN 393 394 , , , 395 397 in in IN 398 401 the the DT 402 410 presence presence NN 411 413 of of IN 414 423 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 423 424 , , , 425 430 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 431 439 markedly markedly RB 440 448 enhanced enhance VBD 449 455 virion virion NN 456 466 production production NN 467 471 from from IN 472 473 a a DT 474 485 chronically chronically RB 486 494 infected infected JJ 495 507 promonocytic promonocytic JJ 508 512 cell cell NN 513 517 line line NN 518 519 ( ( ( 519 521 U1 U1 NNP 521 522 ) ) ) 523 526 and and CC 527 529 in in IN 530 537 acutely acutely RB 538 546 infected infected JJ 547 563 monocyte-derived monocyte-derived JJ 564 575 macrophages macrophage NNS 575 576 . . . 577 589 Neutralizing neutralize VBG 590 594 mAbs mab NNS 595 597 to to TO 598 603 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 604 607 and and CC 608 617 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 618 627 indicated indicate VBD 628 632 that that IN 633 637 both both DT 638 647 cytokines cytokine NNS 648 652 were be VBD 653 662 essential essential JJ 663 666 for for IN 667 670 the the DT 671 680 induction induction NN 681 684 and and CC 685 689 were be VBD 690 698 required require VBN 699 701 to to TO 702 710 generate generate VB 711 712 a a DT 713 724 synergistic synergistic JJ 725 733 increase increase NN 734 736 in in IN 737 742 virus virus NN 743 753 expression expression NN 753 754 . . . 755 758 The the DT 759 766 effects effect NNS 767 769 of of IN 770 773 the the DT 774 777 two two CD 778 787 cytokines cytokine NNS 788 792 were be VBD 793 808 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 809 821 functionally functionally RB 822 827 since since IN 828 840 pretreatment pretreatment NN 841 845 with with IN 846 855 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 856 866 attenuated attenuate VBD 867 870 the the DT 871 879 cytokine cytokine NN 880 893 cooperativity cooperativity NN 893 894 , , , 895 900 while while IN 901 913 pretreatment pretreatment NN 914 918 with with IN 919 924 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 925 936 potentiated potentiate VBD 937 942 their their PRP$ 943 956 cooperativity cooperativity NN 956 957 , , , 958 968 suggesting suggest VBG 969 973 that that IN 974 979 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 980 983 and and CC 984 993 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 994 998 play play VBP 999 1008 different different JJ 1009 1014 roles role NNS 1015 1017 in in IN 1018 1021 the the DT 1022 1032 activation activation NN 1033 1035 of of IN 1036 1041 virus virus NN 1041 1042 . . . 1043 1051 Northern Northern NNP 1052 1056 blot blot NN 1057 1065 analysis analysis NN 1066 1068 as as RB 1069 1073 well well RB 1074 1076 as as IN 1077 1079 Ab Ab NNP 1080 1088 blocking blocking NN 1089 1092 and and CC 1093 1101 cytokine cytokine NN 1102 1111 secretion secretion NN 1112 1119 studies study NNS 1120 1129 indicated indicate VBD 1130 1134 that that IN 1135 1138 the the DT 1139 1148 induction induction NN 1149 1151 of of IN 1152 1158 either either CC 1159 1169 endogenous endogenous JJ 1170 1179 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1180 1182 or or CC 1183 1188 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 1189 1192 was be VBD 1193 1196 not not RB 1197 1205 involved involve VBN 1206 1208 in in IN 1209 1212 the the DT 1213 1226 cooperativity cooperativity NN 1226 1227 , , , 1228 1231 nor nor CC 1232 1235 was be VBD 1236 1238 an an DT 1239 1252 up-regulation up-regulation NN 1253 1255 of of IN 1256 1265 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1266 1275 receptors receptor NNS 1275 1276 . . . 1277 1279 In in IN 1280 1291 combination combination NN 1292 1296 with with IN 1297 1306 TNF-alpha TNF-alpha NNP 1306 1307 , , , 1308 1313 IL-10 IL-10 NNP 1314 1324 stimulated stimulate VBD 1325 1335 activating activate VBG 1336 1345 protein-1 protein-1 NN 1346 1347 ( ( ( 1347 1351 AP-1 ap-1 NN 1351 1352 ) ) ) 1353 1356 and and CC 1357 1364 nuclear nuclear JJ 1365 1371 factor factor NN 1372 1373 ( ( ( 1373 1382 NF)-kappa NF)-kappa NNP 1383 1384 B B NNP 1385 1392 binding binding NN 1393 1403 activities activity NNS 1404 1407 and and CC 1408 1418 cooperated cooperate VBD 1419 1421 to to TO 1422 1430 increase increase VB 1431 1436 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1437 1449 steady-state steady-state JJ 1450 1454 mRNA mrna NN 1455 1461 levels level NNS 1462 1465 and and CC 1466 1473 enhance enhance VBP 1474 1478 long long JJ 1479 1487 terminal terminal JJ 1488 1503 repeat-directed repeat-directed JJ 1504 1517 transcription transcription NN 1518 1525 through through IN 1526 1536 activation activation NN 1537 1539 of of IN 1540 1543 the the DT 1544 1552 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1553 1554 B B NNP 1555 1562 binding binding NN 1563 1568 sites site NNS 1568 1569 , , , 1570 1580 suggesting suggest VBG 1581 1584 the the DT 1585 1590 IL-10 il-10 NN 1591 1597 effect effect NN 1598 1604 occurs occur VBZ 1605 1607 at at IN 1608 1613 least least JJS 1614 1616 in in IN 1617 1621 part part NN 1622 1624 at at IN 1625 1628 the the DT 1629 1644 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 1645 1650 level level NN 1650 1651 . . . 1652 1657 These these DT 1658 1665 results result NNS 1666 1674 indicate indicate VBP 1675 1679 that that IN 1680 1685 IL-10 il-10 NN 1685 1686 , , , 1687 1689 in in IN 1690 1698 addition addition NN 1699 1701 to to TO 1702 1717 down-regulating down-regulate VBG 1718 1721 the the DT 1722 1730 cellular cellular JJ 1731 1737 immune immune JJ 1738 1746 response response NN 1747 1749 to to TO 1750 1755 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1755 1756 , , , 1757 1760 may may MD 1761 1765 also also RB 1766 1770 play play VB 1771 1772 a a DT 1773 1777 role role NN 1778 1780 in in IN 1781 1799 TNF-alpha-mediated tnf-alpha-mediated JJ 1800 1810 activation activation NN 1811 1813 of of IN 1814 1819 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1820 1831 replication replication NN 1832 1834 in in IN 1835 1838 the the DT 1839 1858 monocyte/macrophage monocyte/macrophage NN 1859 1866 lineage lineage NN 1866 1867 . . .