0 3 The the DT 4 17 intracellular intracellular JJ 18 26 parasite parasite NN 27 36 Theileria theileria FW 37 42 parva parva FW 43 51 protects protect VBZ 52 60 infected infected JJ 61 62 T t NN 63 68 cells cell NNS 69 73 from from IN 74 83 apoptosis apoptosis NN 83 84 . . . 86 95 Parasites parasite NNS 96 100 have have VBP 101 108 evolved evolve VBN 109 110 a a DT 111 119 plethora plethora NN 120 122 of of IN 123 133 strategies strategy NNS 134 136 to to TO 137 143 ensure ensure VB 144 149 their their PRP$ 150 158 survival survival NN 158 159 . . . 160 163 The the DT 164 177 intracellular intracellular JJ 178 186 parasite parasite NN 187 196 Theileria theileria FW 197 202 parva parva FW 203 210 secures secure VBZ 211 214 its its PRP$ 215 226 propagation propagation NN 227 230 and and CC 231 238 spreads spread VBZ 239 246 through through IN 247 250 the the DT 251 259 infected infected JJ 260 266 animal animal NN 267 269 by by IN 270 279 infecting infect VBG 280 283 and and CC 284 296 transforming transform VBG 297 298 T t NN 299 304 cells cell NNS 304 305 , , , 306 314 inducing induce VBG 315 320 their their PRP$ 321 331 continuous continuous JJ 332 345 proliferation proliferation NN 346 349 and and CC 350 359 rendering render VBG 360 364 them them PRP 365 375 metastatic metastatic JJ 375 376 . . . 377 379 In in IN 380 388 previous previous JJ 389 393 work work NN 393 394 , , , 395 397 we we PRP 398 402 have have VBP 403 408 shown show VBN 409 413 that that IN 414 417 the the DT 418 426 parasite parasite NN 427 434 induces induce VBZ 435 447 constitutive constitutive JJ 448 458 activation activation NN 459 461 of of IN 462 465 the the DT 466 479 transcription transcription NN 480 486 factor factor NN 487 496 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 496 497 , , , 498 500 by by IN 501 509 inducing induce VBG 510 513 the the DT 514 526 constitutive constitutive JJ 527 538 degradation degradation NN 539 541 of of IN 542 545 its its PRP$ 546 557 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ 558 568 inhibitors inhibitor NNS 568 569 . . . 570 573 The the DT 574 584 biological biological JJ 585 597 significance significance NN 598 600 of of IN 601 610 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 611 621 activation activation NN 622 624 in in IN 625 627 T. t. FW 628 642 parva-infected parva-infected JJ 643 648 cells cell NNS 648 649 , , , 650 657 however however RB 657 658 , , , 659 662 has have VBZ 663 666 not not RB 667 670 yet yet RB 671 675 been be VBN 676 683 defined define VBN 683 684 . . . 685 690 Cells cell NNS 691 695 that that WDT 696 700 have have VBP 701 705 been be VBN 706 717 transformed transform VBN 718 720 by by IN 721 728 viruses virus NNS 729 731 or or CC 732 741 oncogenes oncogene NNS 742 745 can can MD 746 753 persist persist VB 754 758 only only RB 759 761 if if IN 762 766 they they PRP 767 773 manage manage VBP 774 776 to to TO 777 782 avoid avoid VB 783 794 destruction destruction NN 795 797 by by IN 798 801 the the DT 802 811 apoptotic apoptotic JJ 812 822 mechanisms mechanism NNS 823 827 that that WDT 828 831 are be VBP 832 841 activated activate VBN 842 844 on on IN 845 859 transformation transformation NN 860 863 and and CC 864 868 that that WDT 869 879 contribute contribute VBP 880 882 to to TO 883 891 maintain maintain VB 892 900 cellular cellular JJ 901 912 homeostasis homeostasis NN 912 913 . . . 914 916 We we PRP 917 920 now now RB 921 932 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 933 937 that that IN 938 954 parasite-induced parasite-induced JJ 955 964 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 965 975 activation activation NN 976 981 plays play VBZ 982 983 a a DT 984 991 crucial crucial JJ 992 996 role role NN 997 999 in in IN 1000 1003 the the DT 1004 1012 survival survival NN 1013 1015 of of IN 1016 1018 T. t. FW 1019 1036 parva-transformed parva-transformed JJ 1037 1038 T t NN 1039 1044 cells cell NNS 1045 1047 by by IN 1048 1057 conveying convey VBG 1058 1068 protection protection NN 1069 1076 against against IN 1077 1079 an an DT 1080 1089 apoptotic apoptotic JJ 1090 1096 signal signal NN 1097 1101 that that WDT 1102 1113 accompanies accompany VBZ 1114 1131 parasite-mediated parasite-mediated JJ 1132 1146 transformation transformation NN 1146 1147 . . . 1148 1160 Consequently consequently RB 1160 1161 , , , 1162 1172 inhibition inhibition NN 1173 1175 of of IN 1176 1185 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1186 1193 nuclear nuclear JJ 1194 1207 translocation translocation NN 1208 1211 and and CC 1212 1215 the the DT 1216 1226 expression expression NN 1227 1229 of of IN 1230 1238 dominant dominant JJ 1239 1247 negative negative JJ 1248 1254 mutant mutant JJ 1255 1260 forms form NNS 1261 1263 of of IN 1264 1274 components component NNS 1275 1277 of of IN 1278 1281 the the DT 1282 1291 NF-kappaB NF-kappaB NNP 1292 1302 activation activation NN 1303 1310 pathway pathway NN 1310 1311 , , , 1312 1316 such such JJ 1317 1319 as as IN 1320 1332 IkappaBalpha IkappaBalpha NNP 1333 1335 or or CC 1336 1339 p65 p65 NN 1339 1340 , , , 1341 1347 prompt prompt JJ 1348 1353 rapid rapid JJ 1354 1363 apoptosis apoptosis NN 1364 1366 of of IN 1367 1369 T. t. FW 1370 1387 parva-transformed parva-transformed JJ 1388 1389 T t NN 1390 1395 cells cell NNS 1395 1396 . . . 1397 1400 Our our PRP$ 1401 1409 findings finding NNS 1410 1415 offer offer VBP 1416 1425 important important JJ 1426 1434 insights insight NNS 1435 1439 into into IN 1440 1448 parasite parasite NN 1449 1457 survival survival NN 1458 1468 strategies strategy NNS 1469 1472 and and CC 1473 1484 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 1485 1489 that that IN 1490 1506 parasite-induced parasite-induced JJ 1507 1519 constitutive constitutive JJ 1520 1529 NF-kappaB nf-kappab NN 1530 1540 activation activation NN 1541 1543 is be VBZ 1544 1546 an an DT 1547 1556 essential essential JJ 1557 1561 step step NN 1562 1564 in in IN 1565 1576 maintaining maintain VBG 1577 1580 the the DT 1581 1592 transformed transform VBN 1593 1602 phenotype phenotype NN 1603 1605 of of IN 1606 1609 the the DT 1610 1618 infected infected JJ 1619 1624 cells cell NNS 1624 1625 . . .