A major harrier to the human communication is attributed to the fact that there is no compatible typewriter, as in the Western World, for any non-alphabetic language outside of the Western World. This paper~11 describe how a plotter can be used through programming, as a universal graphic character writer for all nonalphabetic as well as alphabetic languages in place of the typewriter. This is economically feasible since the plotter is not expensive and can be driven by a small computer on-llne, or offline using a plotter and tape unit. Each character is treated as a single independent graph and decomposed into line segments within a 16 x 16 grid for nonalphabetic languages, and a 5 x 8 grid for alphabetic languages. Therefore, the graphic character can be represented by the coordinates which indicate the beginning and the ending points of the line segments. To take the most c.omplicated Chinese language as an example, the character for "BRAVE" ( ) can be represented by twenty-three pairs of coordinates and packed into four 48-bit computer words. Taking this as a basis for estimation, the overwhelmingly numerous I0,000 Chinese characters can be decomposed and packed into 40K *This study was supported in part by the University of Wisconsin.
-2of memory. Thus, a computer with 65K memory will be able to keep them in core for direct access and processing.
On the other hand, an English letter "I~' can be represented by five pairs of coordinates and packed into one 48-bit computer word. In other words, the whole set of the English alphabet, including upper and lower cases, will need only II0 words of memory.
The output on the plotter is itself a good hard copy to keep, and certainly it can be used as an original for further dupllcating, photographing and photoengraving. O -3O O I. INTRODUCTION
This paper describes a system which simulates the function of a typewriter for all languages because of its unique nature in c~In E and displaying of the graphic characters. Characters, Ineludlng alphabets, of all languages are encoded on a grid. ever, for the internal representation in the memory, only the coordinates of each straight llne segment are recorded, which provide sufficient information to reconstruct this character. The test program for thl8 system is written in CDC 3600 FORTRAN (a variation of FORTRAN IV) which will generate a plot tape to be used on a Calcump plotter for producing these characters. Actually, with suweminor modifications, this program can be run on any cumputer and output on any plotter available. The advantage in using the plotter is that it produces directly a clear, hard copy at a very reasonable cost. Natural languages which have been tested in the program are Chinese and English. French, German, Hindi, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean~ Russian, and Spanish are to be tested in the near future. II. CHAEACTERREPRESENTATION
Different sizes of grids may be used to define the coordinates representing each character. For non-alphabetic languages, a 16 x
16 grid is proved to be sufficient for a good recoding of the
character. For alphabetic languages, a 5 x 8 grid will be adequate the HowX-Y will -4to accommodate all the letters of the languages. Each grid point in the grid is assigned a pair of values according to its relative position in the grid, that is, the coordinates of the grid point. The rows of the grid points are numbered from the bottom up, from 0 to 15 or 7 as the Y coordinate, The columns of the grid points are numbered from the left to right, from 0 to 15 or 4 as the X coordinate. The character is to be fitted into the grid with one restriction that all the starting points, turning points, and ending points of a line or iine segment have to be on one of the grid points. The coordinates of these grid points are recorded and to be stored in the memory for later retrieval. A curve of a stroke is treated as many short straight line segments. A llne is defined here with only one starting point and one ending point, and may or may not have one or more turning points between them. Coordinates of a line should always be recorded in the sequence as the starting point, the turning point or points, and the ending point. However, the sequence of coordinate groups of lines are immaterial for the character representation.
The character representation method used by Hayashl, Duncan and Kuno of Harvard University is not .quite the same as described above. Instead of recording the starting point, 'turning point and ending point of a continuous llne, they virtually recorded the O -5O starting point and ending point of every line segment. That is, the turning point in a continuous line is used twice both as the ending point of the previous line segment and the starting point of the follewing line segment. This method does simplify the programming task for generating the character, but it also increases the number of coordinates to be recorded and stored for retrieval, resulting in inefficient character generation. Taking their example of a Chinese character for "BRAVE" (~), thirty-two pairs of coordinates are required to be stored for character generation. For the method described in the previous paragraph, only twenty-three coordinate pairs are necessary to accomplish the same task. the English letter '~' is taken as an example, eight coordinate pairs are required for the Harvard method, of which, only five coordinate pairs are necessary to reconstruct the character excluding the three repeated coordinate pairs. If O -6" • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .... I::.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11.1213 ~1.: 15 Figure I. The Chinese character £c¢ "BRAVE" on
a 16 x 16 grid with
coordinates:
o 0123 Figure 2. The English letter '~' on a 5 x 8 grid wlth
five pairs of coordinates: I ( O, 0), ( O, 7), ( 2, 3), ( 4, 7), 4 4, 0)• (12,14), ( 9,11); ( 3,11); (13, 9); 413, 7); ( 8, 7), 414, 5), tWenty-three pairs of ( 8,12); (13,il), (i3, 6); ( 7, 4), 4 5, 2), ( 1, 0); (13, 2), 411, 0), (9,2)• -7O
There are other methods to represent a character. One method uses a 256 x 256 or some other size cell grid. Each cell is one bit in size to record the presence of the character strokes, lines or dots as the one bit, and the non-presence of them as the zero bit. Then~ by resembling these bits into a pattern, it is used for the recognition or generation of a character. This method is employed for almost all commercial character recognition machines to identify English letters, symbols and numerals most often in printed form. However, this is not practical for the non-alphabetic languages because it requires a huge memory to store all these character cell-patterns. For example, one commercial machine actually uses a 2,048 x 2,048 cell grid to recognize an English letter with good precision. In addition, this method is not used for character generation because of the foreseeable programming complications and the time-consuming computer operations.
Another method is to choose some special codes for identifying the characters. An arbitrary code system can be used for this purpose, such as the telegraphic code of Chinese characters. They are four decimal-digit codes ranging from 0000 to 9999 for representing the I0,000 Chinese characters in use. They are rather arbitrarily assigned except that characters with certain stroke patterns are grouped together and the sequence arranged is closely O -9O O O of every type~iter keyboard. Once the code is recognized either through the input media or through some internal transformation, the coordinate group associated with this particular code will be retrieved for character generation.
Character generation through programming is basically a procedure of initiating proper subroutine calls to plot a straight llne between two pairs of coordinates at a specified position. The difference between character generation through CRT beam displaying and through plott'er pen drawing is a matter of different subroutine calls for activating different hardware output devices.
The character generation method employed in the test program is elaborated to the extent that once the plotter pen is lowered for drawing, it is maintained at that position untll the drawing of the current continuous line is completed and then it is lifted and set ready for the movement of the pen to the starting point Of the next continuous line. In the case of a CRT display, once the beam is turned on for displaying a line, it will not be turned off until the end of this continuous llne is reached. Thus, the coordinate greup of a continuous line is treated as a unit for the generating purpose. The first pair of coordinates in a coordinate group~ i.e., the coordinate pair of the starting point of a line, initiates the pen or beam to be moved to the position specified % < -10by this pair of coordinates, and then to be lmre~ed or turned on at that position. The second pair and all the suceeding pairs of coordinates up to the second to the last pai~, i.e., the coordinate pairs of the turning points, will each activate one movement of the pen or beam to the specified coordinate pOsition forming a straight llne segment of the continuous line. The last pair of coordinates, i.e., the c~dinate pair of the ending point, will move the pen or beam to the specified coordinate position and then lift the pen or turn off the beam at that pOsition.
The Harvard method is simpler and easier in l ~ ~ the sense that a generating unit contains only two pairs of coordinates: the first pair as the starting point of a straight line, and the next, or the last, pair as the ending point, which work the same way as indicated in the test progz-am. However, since there is no turning points involved, a nOn-straight line must be broken into many short m~ht lines with repeated coordinates to indicate both the ending of the previous line segment and the starting of the following line segment. Thtm a non-straight line with N straight line segments will have to he drawn or disp1~yed N times with the plotter pen moved, loeered, moved again, and lifted every time, or with the CRT beam moved, turned on, moved again, and turned off every time. in 0 0 -11IV. O
FORMAT CONTROLS
In order to have the characters to form a meaningful text and to be arranged in different forms, certain forest controls are not only desired but also of necessity:
I. " Language Selection
The user is allowed to choose from all available languages
in the system one or more desired languages to be written on the
plotter paper. The first language selected also indicates
the mode of input codes. Thus if more than one language
selection is specified, the other languages selected
written in parallel, in an equivalent word-for-word
of the first language selected. A multlple-language
dictionary is utilized for this purpose.
2. Vertical or Horizontal Writing
The writing direction of characters may be either
or horizontal. Non-alphabetic languages are usually
vertically from top downward for characters and from right to
left for columms. Alphabetic languages are always written from
left to right for characters and from top downward for rows.
It is reecumended that for multiple-language writing including
both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages~ the horizontal
writing mode is more suitable since non-alphabetlc languages
will still be readable vertically while in the other case
to read alphabetic languages in vertical fashion will be much
more difficult in a continuous text. will be translation machine vertical written O m c -130 0 5. Line and Page Controls
In contrast to the above user-specified controls, the line and page controls are automatic system controls which can only be influenced through the character size selection and the language selection. The program will calculate the total number of characters to be written on a 8-1/2 x 11 inch page according to the selected character size and language (alphabetic or non-alphabetic). Then the number of characters per line (row or coltmm) will be calculated accordingly. When the end of a line is reached, the next characterwill be written on the first character position of the next line. And, if the end of a page is reached at the same time, the plotter paper will be advanced to the next standard size page with the next character to bewritten on the first character position of the first line. Special control characters denoted by seldomly used special symbols are provided in the system to signify the end of a line and the end of a page for the automatic skipping of the rest of the Line or page. 0 V. CHA~ACTERSTORAGEANDKETKXEVAL
1. IdentificatiOn Code
A unique code is assigned for each character appearing in
any one of the languages involved in the system for identification -14purpose. The nt~erical code in decimal digits as discussed under Character Representation is a'mJmple and arbitrary method and can be readily applied to any language. For alphabetic ~ g e s , to associate the two decimal-digit codes with the alphabet requires only a couple of hours of actunl coding work. For non-alphabetic languages, as in the worst example of IO,O00 Chinese characters, the first ~uthor with no previous experience of the Chinese telegraphic code system but with sufficient background in the Chinese language, did the complete coding of the Chinese classics, the Four Books, in the Suuner of 1964with the aid of a code reference handbook. By \]ate swm~r of 1964, the Chinese text could be read directly in telegraphic codes with less than 2~ of reference to the code book. Since this method has been practiced in China for many years in telegraphic commmications, the authors believe that there must be some very efficient training method for this telegraphic coding •system.
The previously discussed Chicodes for Chinese character encoding on the Chicoder was experimented for operator training in 1965 at Itek Corporation. The result was that for an American secretary with no previous knowledge of the Chinese language, hut with the aid of an instructional mmlua~, four months of traiD/ng will yield a typing speed of forty characters per minute including error corrections. However, the development 0 -15w 0 O O O of this kind of coding system will demand detailed analysis of stroke patterns for the particular language and the organization of characters in terms of these stroke patterns. Thus it is not readily available and too costly a technique to implement for other less complicated languages.
Both of the code assignment method may be used in the system to index the stored coordinate groups associated with each of them. When the writing request of a certain character reaches the associated coordinate group, the coordinates are copied into a buffer area and are being analyzed, calculated and transformed into a sequence of plotter subroutine calls for writing the character on the plotter paper. 2. Accompanying Information
The identification code may also be used to index information associated with the specific character for additional references and operations. If this system is to serve both as an automatic writing device and an automatic dictionary for two or more languages~ then all the information in a selected dictionary may be included in the system, such as the pronouneiation guide, parts of speech and other syntactic information, the meaning (translation) and other semantic information~ the associated phrases and idioms, and examples of usage. 3. Data Compression
Since the largest coordinate used in the two suggested -16-
grids is the decimal number fifteen~ only four bits are needed
to record one coordinate. Therefore, the coordinates maybe
packed into a four-bit segment of a computer word. This may
not be necessary for the alphabetic languages because their
character sets are very small in size~ usually not more than
sixty-four characters each set in binary coded decimal. How- O
ever, for the non-alphabetic languages such as the Chinese
with a 10,000-character set, the need for data compression is
rather apparent if all of their coordinate groups are going
to be stored in the core memory for the most efficient processing.
It is estimated that an average complexity Chinese character
can be packed into four 48-bit computer words and thus a computer
with 65K memory (e.g.~ CDC 3600) will be able to accov~nodate
the overwhelming i0,000 characters in 40K of memory and allow
the other 25K of memory for the executive system, the program,
and the input/output buffering operations.
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
This system is aimed to provide a good universal writing device for all languages, alphabetic and non-alphabetic alike~ because of its graphic nature in treating characters of various languages. This is of particular advantage to the non-alphabetic languages since no practical and efficient typing or~/riting device has been created for their uses. Vl. -17e e
The system uses the plotter as its output device for writing characters directly on the paper to produce a clear and permanent hard copy. The alternative CRT display has a unique advantage of on-llne monitoring or editing but is otherwise a more complex process and hardware system to produce a final hard copy, and thus inevitably too expensive for practical and efficient applications. From numerous job runs of the test program on the CDC 3600 a plotter page of standard 8-1/2 x 11 inch with 320 Chinese characters written will cost about one dollar and twelve cents. The estimate for the test program.to be run on the Univac 1108 is approximately eighteen cents per page. It would be very interesting to know the cost for on-line plotting with a PDP-8 and a plotter since they are among the least expensive computing equipments available.
• The system is programmed in the Fortran language so that it can be 8tilized through small or medium size computers with the least effort Dfadaptatlon, ADyplott~;~wlth:a~tep sise of 0.01 or less is very satisfactory for output character writing. The output from this system is certainly suitable to be used as an original for further duplicating, photographing, and photoengraving. Multlplecolor writings may be accomplished through the change of plotter pens or inks of various colors with the aid of in-line plotter controls, -18-
Finally, the system is oriented toward the user's in operating. All the user's controls and selections in natural language vocabularies and punched on cards data to the computer. No progra~ning work is involved of the ultimate user to cause unnecessary complications culties in utilizing this system. The user's learning requires only a few times of actual practice to achieve efficient system utilization. convenience are specified as the input
on the part
or diffi-
process Q , O O -19REFERENCES @ Dougherty, C. Y.; lamb, S. M.; and Martin, S. E. Chinese Character
Indexes. University of California Press, Berkeley, California,
1963. Gruenberger, Fred, ed. Computer Graphics--utility/production/art.
Thompson, Washington, D.C. and Academic Press, London, 1967. Hayashl, Hideyuki; Duncan, Sheila; and Kuno, Susumo. "Graphical
Input/Output of Nonstandard Characters," Communications of the
AC__~M, II (September, 1968), pp. 613-618. Hays, David. Introduction to Computational Lin~ulstics. Elsevier
Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1967. Itek Corporation. Operational Instructions for the Modified
Sin cwriter (Chicoder). Itek Corporation, Lexington,
Massachusetts, 1964. Kay, Martin. "Standards for Encoding Data in a Natural language,"
Computers and the Humanities, I (May, 1967), pp. 170-177. Kovalevsky, V.A. Character Readers and Pattern Recognition I
translated by A. M. Karpovich and A. M. Leavitt. Spartan,
New York, 1968. Lee, T. C.; Wang, H. T.; and Yang, S. C. '~n Experimental Model
for Chinese to English Machine Translation." Paper presented
at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Machine Trans-
lation and Computational Linguistics, San Francisco, California,
1966. Lee, T. C.; Wang, H. T.; Yang, S. C.; and Farmer, E. Linguistic
Studies for Chinese to English Machine Translation. Itek
Corporation, Lexington , Massachusetts, 1965. @ Reifler, Erwin. "The Solution of M~ Linguistic Problems Through
Lexicography," Prpceedin~s of the National Symposium on Machine
Translation, edited by H.P. Edmundon. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, pp. 310-316. O U -1 !I 5 -l 7777
SAI~LE CONTROL A_~ DATA CARD IMAGES
STORE
I 14 7 -1
DING 1211 77717
CHI 12 7 7777
JAQ 1311 7777
SAN 1012 7777
SHAN~ - - -~~ ?
SHIAH 13~ ~ 7
BUH 1212 7777
GAY ._2._.3_ ~i .....................
CHOOU CLOWN £HI£\[ MORhOV~
DO01
2 7
0002
311
0003
2 7
0004
211
0005
412
~UO6
714
0007 .... 1172-
0008
211
OOO9 ..... h_ i
0010
313
UOll
1 1 --I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . • ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONE FOURTH
711 71 SEVEN
512 5 2 TEN FEET
1014 9 7 THREE
3 8 ii 8 UP
7 8 Ii 8 DOWN
712 ..... 7" iNoT
712 2 3 BEGGAR
-i
12
1
1
2 ..... 7-6
712 -i ~i -i -I 7777 -i IIii v044 YIi
313 ii13 3 7 3045 MHIE
i 8 1112 9 6 v~6 JEGd
21J 91U 8 6 -CL~4"7 ....... ~m-El-r .......
514 41s 7777 aJ48 YEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AH ACTINIUM
414 612 7777 210
4 1 6 4 7777 614 1.014 1414 i314 13 1
4 1 -i
dUd A POINT 10 4 -i
AT EINSTIEINIUM 414 012 77/7 210 4 i 6 4 7777 914
9 "8 i0 8 7 4 7777 4 1 -i
WAN PILL IGll i0 I 12 0 14 1
DAN CINNABAR 4 9 413---IT13 II 0
JUo MASTER i `2lo. "7"7''i'7 . . . . . . . . 2 5 i 2 5 7 7 7 7 ... i i
AY ASTATINE . =
-i
4 6 II--0-
-I ----'5-~"'--I0 O o ~--~ ~ i -i -i
, ..' 7777 7777 -i LONG TIME
512 912 7 6 " 2 G 7777 HIM/HER/IT
3II iiii 7 7 O 5 Ii 2 oUDDdNLY
412 I112 -T-/77 ...... ~12 .... ~--J""7777 (INTERROG,PAi~T*) ................. TIRED
613 6io 7777 ..... ~ iliO i 3 9 i CLEVER
iii 1311 7777 714 , 7 0 5 1 7777
7777 910 9 5 12 5 7777 9 8 12 8 MULTIPLY ..............
112 1312 7777 714 7 O 5 1 7777 '77"77 '--'9"lq ....... ~"7'"-~2 "7----7777--"9 ~ ' T~ - 7 7 7 7
-i EJCALyP fOS ...............................
414 4 0
15 -9---7?77SECOND
2 3 3 1 SQUINT
7777 414 NINe.
9 2 11 1 3-£G,5
5i2 1212 ALSO -i 13 1 7777 i010 "I \[771 -i F' .i ;J -I • -i -i 13
iii
6 5 -i -i -I ........ \[i~-
0~49
G 5
1413 0050
714
6 8
-i 0051
G13
0 4 , ....... ii3 ....
. . ii12
GA~
GAN 613 6 4
LUANN T14--~777
4 9 310 7777 Z I-
GAN
613 1 9
4 4 7777 - UYUE
7 0 3 2
LEQU--~NqSR ............... 1113 710 7 0 4 2
YEd TO GIVE 1114 711 7777 512 -1
SHY~ WORK/AFFAIR i 3 1 3 - 7 7 " 7 7 - - - S~~ -~ - n 7 2 - - - - 7 - 7~
ELL T,.~U -FI~/-I~77-7 ..... ~ 4- i3-I~~1
Yd AT/IN i113 7777 713 7 0 3 1
YUN CLOUD iOl3 -7777 1 9 13 9 7777
HUH M~T~ALLY i113 7li/ ........ TI3---2---~----/-~-77-7T wuu FIVl iC 6 i2 I 13 4 -i ii -7777 14 1 . . . . ..... 2"-~-"l'Z---#. ii 8 ...... 12 4 ~i ...................... - 85 -I
5'" 1 7777 ....... £1U II D
I 8 2 1 ~-D12 o . . . . . .
5 5
711 i3i4 -I
710
1 1
6 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i38 7-8--I !# l u , .,24 ii C b :' "-7'i,/ 6 9 1210 9 5 ,:-I l i0 13 • ,12 :13 i ,14 , 1 ,14 ql ,14 '7 .14 ! 7 REN HUMANE i4 ~ 7 77/( ~ 9
DZN£ ALONE 14 0 7 7777 3 9
BI
510 5 4 I0 1 13 1
TOUR
7 6 7777
WANG
7 9 7777
KANQ
711 7777 13 3 -i
JIAU
711 7777 Ii 7 7777
HAY 711 7777 ~ I - 1311 3 0 7777 7 3 ii 0
YLH ALbU 710 7777 liU 131~ 2 2 7777 I0 8 12 2---I
HENG PROSPEROUS 712 7777 ---~.\[q 1212 7777 75 70 42 -I
SHEANG ENJOY 712 7777 312 1112 7777 7 5 7 0 5 1 7777 1 4
JING CAPITAL
fZZ 77(/ ... ~5-f2~---'7777~"~I~ 5 1 7777 5 5 2 2 7777
IY;~D VAVIL|UN 712 7777 312 1112 7777 PYRENE
1 4 ii.0
14 3 7777 ABOVE
1 4 13 4 PERISH
1 9 13 9 OVERBEARING
iii 1311 JOIN
211 1211
IO 9 5 2 T~ELFTH -i o 2 8 Z12 7777
5 7 ..... II -~9--9
9 3 I0 8 9 1 -1 -i 4 9 911 5 1 :6 7 .IO 1 i3 O -I -i
0090 TEEH
1 0 3 6 3i3 --0o91 -~J ....
414 0 7 7777
uo92 CHOUR
414 0 7 7777 0093 JIN
0 5 714 14 5 0094 JIEH
0 7 714 14 7 0095 RENG
., 17-70 7 7777
(7 713 5 1 U096 IO~D---
414 0 7 7777
b V 15 ~ \[tll
0097 LAC
-4I'4----~777"
8 ---aL
-414
14 7
0099
- ° 414-
12 2
OI~DD
414 712 .... CH I NE~EE
HO R I ZONL
U.D25 "
TELE TELE 0001 0002 0003 0004 0~ - 6 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0324 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0033-,U0340035 0049 0050 0051 006~0-66 0(Y67 0081 0082 0083 UO~7 0098 O099 CHINESE ENGLISH - ~:{0 r~ ~EONL
325 ----~ , ' ....... TELE
0001 0002 0002
UUI7 '0018 0019
0033 0034 0035
0049 0050 oo51
00~-5 0066 0067
-~1 :0-08-~0083~084
OO~f 0098 0099 0100
LHINh~L
HORIZONL
TELE 77001~J-0~2-O~3 00040005 0006 0007 OO08 0009 0010 00ii 0012 0Qi300ih 00i5 0016 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 00!0 0011 00!2 001 ~ 0014 0015 0016 UOOl UO02 0003 0004 0005 00"~ 0007 0008 0009 O010 00I! 00!2 00\]3 O0!a 0015 O0ie 0001 00O2 0003 O0O4 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 00~2 0013 001~ 0015 001~ 9 6 I0 0 ~3 0 0085 -IO0 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 609i 009-2 0-59-3 6097J-OO -bO59g OBLIQUE TONE
iii3 7777 ~-~D-STRATE
3 9 3 1 ENMITY
3 9 3 I
14 2 -i NOW
~ 6 9 LIE BETWEEN
7777 5 9 STILL --'-~--3"-1---7777 .....
-i SERVANT
3 9 3 1
b b 13 b MAN
3 9 3" 1
4 3 7777 MINUTELY
3 9 3 1 AN OFFICIAL
3 9 3 1 HE/SHE
5 9 3 1 7il 7777 7777 8 7 5 5
7777 1312 ...... TZYY
0 7 7777
-i -I
SHYH U-7 7777 TA 0 7 7777 7 2 13 1 14 3 -I
DISPLAY -1 -i iii0 I0 2 7777
914 -i
4 7
6-2-7777
7 6
814
714 7777
4 0
5i3~121~--g-'9
4 1
91~
611
8 1
613
4 8
5 8 4 8 7 4 7777 0 0 8 5 7777 7777
5 i0 9 2 5 9 777"7 Ill7 7777
8 6 7777 7777 7777 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016
5 7 9 1 1211 Ii 1 1213 14""8" 1311
513 -I 77?7 13 2
910 7777 12 6 7 6 610 3 O 7 0 9 0 i3 9 1313 q 8-q-4 7777 9 1 " 914 .......
8-- 7 ~ 8 4 12 7 2 7777 g 2 7777 7777 I014 i0 6 4 i0 i i0 6 .7777 -I -i 14 13 5 1 13 O 14 4
510 12 Ii 1 2 00360037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0065 0064 00-68 00690070 0071 0072 0073 0074 00-75 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 0084 0100 . . 0004 0020 0096 0052 0068 0085 -IO0 . . . . 0005 00El 0037 0053 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0977 0078 0079 0080 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 00'91 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 00!3 O01a 00!5 0016 0022--0-0~--O-0~+ 0025 0026-0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0038 0039 0040 0041 Q')~-2 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 006-8 oo5~ 66~ o~6-60~ 665~; 565~0g6--6-6-~-i--5~6~006~-0~..~,
0032 0032 003"2 0032 0048 0048 0048 0048 0064
,4 u~64 0064 0080 0080 0080 0080 Uv96 0096 0096 0096 0048 0016 0016 0090 0"018 0019 0018 0019 0018 0019 0018 0019 0034 0035 0034 0035 0034 0035 0034 0035 0050 0051 0050 0051 0050 0051 0050 0051 0066 0067 0066 0067 0066 0067 0066 0067 0082 0083 0082 0083 ~0082 0083 0082 0083
0098 0099
0099 0099
U098 0099
0098 0099 ESE ENGLISH ZONL 025
TELE
~U34 0035 0003 0003 0077 0003 0069 3007 3002 0976
006? ESE ZONL 025 O01R 0050 TELE 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0092 0307 0052 0098 O00p 0034 0076 0053 0093 0033 0053 0053 0099 0303 0035 0077 0054 0094 0016 0954 0954 0054 0100 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 0078 0079 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0055 0095 0004 0055 0055 0055 0056 0096 0017 0056 0056 0056 00.57 0097 0005 0057 0057 0057 0058 0098 0006 0058 0058 0058 0059 0099 0007 0059 0059 0059 0@60 0061 0062 0063 0064 0100
0001 0018 0002 0016 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 0020 0021 0022 0020 0021 0022 0020 0021 0022 0020 0021 0022 0036 0037 0038 0036 0037 0038 0036 0037 0038 0036 0037 0038 0052 0053 0054 0052 0053 0054 0052 0053 0054 0052 0053 0054 0068~069 0070 0068 00-69 0070 0068 0069 0070 0068 0069 0070 0084 0085 0086 0084 0085 0086 0084 0085 0086 0084 0085 0086 0100 0100 01~0 0100 0023 0023 0023 0023 0039 0039 0039 0039 0055 0055 0055 0055 0071 0071 0071 0071 0087 0087 0087 0087 0024 0025 0024 0025 0024 0025 0024 0025 0040 0041 0040 0041 0040"0041 0040 0041 0056 0057 0056 0057 0056 0057 0056 0057 0072 0073 0072 0073 0072 0073 0072 0073 0088 0089 0088 0089 0088 0089 0088 0089 -i00 OO3~~Sq\]-FTq'JU~8~O~OO~0~0~T0042 0043 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0016 0004 0078 0070 0055 0056 0004 0017 0005 0006 0079.0080 0005 0071 0072 0057 0005 0007 0081 0007 0073 0058 0006 0008 0082 0074 0059 0007 0083 0009 -i0 0060 0001 0084 0061 0001 0085 0011 TELE 0026 0026 0026 0026 0042 0042 0042 0042 0058 0058 0058 0058 0074 0074 0074 0074 0090 0090 0090 0090 0027 0027 0027 0027 0043 0043 0043 0043 0059 0059 0059 0059 0075 0075 0075 0075 0091 0091 0091 0091 00'28 0028 0028 0028 0044 0044 0044 0044 0060 0060 0060 0060 0076 0076 0076 0076 0092 0092 0092 0092 0044 0062 0062 0001 0012 0086 0029 0029 0029 0029 0045 0045 0045 0045 0061 0061 0061 0061 0077 0077 0077 0077 0093 0093 0093 0093 0045 0063 0001 0013 0087 0013 0030 0030 0030 0030 0046 0046 0046 0046 0062 0062 0062 0062 0078 0078 0078 0078 0094 0094 0094 0094 0046 0018 0014 0088 0031 0031 0031 0031 0047 0047 0047 0047 0063 0063 0063 0063 0079 0079 0079 0079 0095 0095 0095 0095 0047 0002 0089 0015 ~_'~ & OUTPIIE PAGE I: The first one=hundred characters horizontal size 0.025 inch. of the Chinese telegraphic wrlting~ Chinese characters inch, code number at step Chinese code --
at step size 0.01 5 UOgLO scarf GI~, ~5 SI~JN~ ~:LL LffFI OOUuS ~O:~f M~g~U~gttl CLgVfg E ~OutNl fnOt 2b ~P~SPf~gb$ FObP,'~t'4 ± UP 77 CL Oi, IN IUll~O ~#99Lg A£I #WIU~ C- I t~t~Ag,~g 2 SLiDD\[N,.~ ~U~. I I PL Y Nlt~i I'll~g J ~bI!JRLLY S~I~JR# ION r~frar X JOlfl ~0gE0v\[ f. OE'pul v i < ABUNDANT R PP'NT 7) CUC.AL'If' T US FI~ISM T~O Zz r;vt' SO.~k ABOVl; ?. (./~.1" t 1 gL 7F NO! G~RNO lO~f glA55t¢!f~ 9P 1~g~S OF N~lfi glNSIL'IHI~ ~$TRIIHf < LO~ir IlHL ll~rO ALSO O!50~PSgfO .~R!II~ UCLL ASIA rr~|s~ RLS~ rAVJLION • '~q. 3 I~LO,~g O~,LiOut 'ON:' FgLL ff~)S1l~Al.:, f~'HIY NON ( I L- fi\[ ' :4L~ ~ ,S '~ I k L S fgYgN 1 pAN P!NJ\]£L~ RN OFF!f~)AL I'~\['/~P f. OUTPUT PAGES 2 & 3: The same one-hundred characters wlth their English Equivalents horlzontalwrlting, Chinese characters at size 0,025 inch~ English letters at step inch, Chinese -step size 0.01 a~ TS£ ~ b ITs ` S ££5_ ~ £ ¢ ~T • d' ~ q-~ .~. 9t ~ @ ¢1~ -. ~,~ ~ _ j ,: ...... l- L.._ i TL_, ~_ 9 >4 f~ £ <-. ~, "F ' 4 ~. J1 -- ~ )~i ,i:~ {_. t~_. ,% ~ .:X © £ ~ "~ 4:- ~_, ~?~-.~ ,~ ~L ~ ~ ~ t~ .,.'At, .:m j-.~ ,. j --B ~, -'- -'- -'- --'-- - - . r ~ _A~ _A__ _~__ \ OUTPUT PAGES 4 & 5: Chinese charactersj a horlzontal writing mode and at step size 0.025 inch, arranged at 320 Characters per page for continuous text writing. / L E+E'T DONNSTB~!C~ ~I~/Hgff./JI OLffV~2 ~2 SObpNT S~fNLY 2 NU.71PLY NINg T~EBE~PO~ lINT~ggOG. ON~T,i fUCRLYP~US d~ e\[cc LON~ llp~ -T'II~\[g d~ SFC ~C. P~ OFF F2NISH 10 C!vff F" ;L I" .i '!+:, : EL; F I?.%N ~/l~ ~0 GIV,~ -F FOU~!H ~iO~tJ 22 CLOU~ NOS~,/RFFqJB CLOUO I .-THRE~ D~ T roog~ ' ti~ I:J~k LY MUT'j~L\[ Y F UP L05.\[ % ONC F'OU~ Tt~ SEVEN T UP D~n~N TN~L Fv, H CR? ! Trek _Px__ SINf.fg\[ i,~ H.~ ~ g\[ (,C Rq gO.n.L D S0~. ~qBOv\[ LOSf @ fNJO~ IDISI~ICI NRN\[I X_ ffgSON OgLJ~of ~ON2 X JO~N ~1150 f'RVi k iON gE'~OLUIC NUt'lq if:: ~$ I ~ i~\[g i 5(4 OUTPUT PAGES 6 & 7: English equivalents per page with blank filled inside the text. I" gO~Pf~,~J(JS BR I c,g ~ HOL0 ~N ~iOUlO5 RI. I)NL $~TVfN T ~US\[-0vL a DErGI~ U.E C C';',I 1 _A__ OvgF, gt }/gi Nr-Chinese characters with arranged at 80 characters spaces and lines randomly 3~ !8 ~0 ~1 :22 ;~3 24 25 Z6 27 ~B 29 30 31 32 so gZ '~'I $4 $4 S~ I00 SS S5 '19 OI~PUT PAGE 8: identifying telegraphic at 320 characters per page with ~pace and ~Ine controls. S~ r~G S{~ a0 • S'~ .57 $7 S'; \]9 Sa B2 Chinese S~ $9 S9 S~ EO ~0 I00 e~O ~ EO B4 characters codes arranged El {I El ~ I as E~' G2 E~ E ~ -14 a~ with E3 ~.3 e~3 ~ ~3 :IS a-i G4 ~'I ~4 '~S ~S ~ e,~ gg